Visible Light-Promoted Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation by the CeF₃:Ho³⁺-Incorporated TiO₂ Nanosystem

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Wide-spectrum solar energy harvesting is of great significance for high-band semiconductors. The present article describes the hydrogen generation from aqueous methanol over a TiO 2 up-conversion (CeF 3:Ho 3+ ) nanosystem (CHT) under visible light irradiance. In situ CeF 3:Ho 3+ nanoparticle incorporation into TiO 2 was carried out, and CeF 3:Ho 3+ nanoparticles (∼4 to 8 nm) were synthesized using a simple polyol reduction method using triethanolamine as a reducing agent. The XRD, UV–Vis, XPS, TEM, BET, and SEM studies reveal the successful formation of a CeF 3:Ho 3+ -incorporated TiO 2 nanosystem. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the CeF 3:Ho 3+ -incorporated TiO 2 nanosystem (CHT) was asserted through the peak hydrogen evolution rate (79.85 μmol h –1 ) under visible light irradiance. Furthermore, the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency (1.37%) and apparent quantum efficiency (4.00%) for the peak rate were calculated and indicated that this could be used as an effective photocatalyst system. The results obtained from wavelength-dependent photocatalytic tests demonstrate that the reaction proceeds through energy absorption from a wide-range wavelength of visible light. For the first time, the in situ incorporation of nano-sized up-conversion material CeF 3:Ho 3+ into TiO 2 and its utility for efficient sustainable hydrogen generation under visible light irradiance were accomplished with ease.