A reflection-type Mach-Zehnder LiNbO3 optical modulator with a double-stub structure that can modulate both forward and backward lightwave to achieve low-driving-voltage optical modulation for band-operation is developed. Using optical reflection the modulation efficiency is doubled. The halfwave-voltage of the fabricated modulator was 2.9 V at 7 GHz.
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Kawanishi et al. (2002) studied this question.
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