Population
Mammals, including 'athletic' species and endurance-trained human athletes
Design
Review
Authors
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Clinicians should not yet target lungs to raise VO2max; leaves open whether pulmonary limits emerge after maximal downstream adaptation.
Highlights that while the heart, microcirculation, and muscle mitochondria can adapt to increase oxygen flux, the lungs lack malleability and may ultimately limit VO2max.
Hoppeler et al. (1998) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 3 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: