Cyber-Physical Energy-Saving Control for Hybrid Aircraft-Towing Tractor Based on Online Swarm Intelligent Programming

This paper researches on a cyber-physical energy-saving control framework for a plug-in hybrid aircraft-towing tractor, in which, an online optimization methodology named the online swarm intelligent programming (OSIP) is proposed. The new methodology obtains real-time optimal control signals from the vehicle to everything (V2X) network, and the widely used charge depleting/charge sustaining strategy is upgraded to a more adaptive and intelligent level. The energy flow of the hybrid aircraft-towing tractor with connectivity is first analyzed and modeled for OSIP. The optimal control problem is then formulated as an online integer optimization and the OSIP algorithm based on chaos-enhanced accelerated swarm optimization is developed to minimize the powertrain power loss in real-time. Finally, the advantages of the new energy management system are demonstrated and evaluated by hardware-in-the-loop testing. The results show that up to 17% fuel and 13% total energy loss can be saved via the proposed cyber-physical control.