Experimental determination of the magnetic field spectrum in the Helically Symmetric Experiment using passing particle orbits

The leading terms of the magnetic field spectrum for the Helically Symmetric Experiment [Fusion Technol. 27, 273 (1995)] at low magnetic field are determined by analyzing the orbits of passing particles. The images produced by the intersection of electron orbits with a fluorescent mesh are recorded with a charge coupled device and transformed into magnetic coordinates using a neural network. To obtain the spectral components, the transformed orbits are then fit to an analytic expression that models the drift orbits of the electrons. The results confirm for the first time that quasihelical stellarators have a large effective transform that results in small excursions of particles from a magnetic surface. The drift orbits are also consistent with a very small toroidal curvature component in the spectrum. An external magnetic perturbation, nearly resonant with the transform, is shown to induce a large excursion of the particle orbit off a flux surface.