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A three-dimensional (3-D) hybrid gyrokinetic-MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) simulation scheme is presented. To the 3-D toroidal MHD code, MH3D-K the energetic particle component is added as gyrokinetic particles. The resulting code, mh3d-k, is used to study the nonlinear behavior of energetic particle effects in tokamaks, such as the energetic particle stabilization of sawteeth, fishbone oscillations, and alpha-particle-driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) modes.
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Park et al. (1992) studied this question.
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