Mitochondrial dynamics in orthoflavivirus infection: insights from human and mosquito hosts

Mosquito-borne orthoflaviviruses alternate between vertebrates and mosquitoes, where they establish distinct infection outcomes. In humans, infection is acute and associated with immune activation and cellular damage, whereas in mosquitoes, viruses persist lifelong without overt pathology. Mitochondria, as central regulators of metabolism, signaling, and immunity are emerging as key determinants of these distinct responses. Here, we discuss how mitochondrial dynamics and inter-organelle communication may shape orthoflavivirus replication and infection outcome.