What question did this study set out to answer?

To synthesize evidence on emerging serum and urine protein biomarkers for non-invasive prostate cancer detection, risk stratification, and prognostic assessment.

August 14, 2026African Journal of UrologyOpen Access

Emerging serum and urine biomarkers for non-invasive detection, risk stratification and prognostic assessment of prostate cancer: a systematic review

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Authors

ONOkorie NnaemekaUniversiti Putra Malaysia NRNur Aishah Che RoosNational Defence University of Malaysia ANArmania NurdinUniversiti Putra Malaysia

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Implication

Systematic review reveals novel serum and urine biomarkers enhance prostate cancer risk stratification, indicating potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies.

Key Points

To synthesize evidence on emerging serum and urine protein biomarkers for non-invasive prostate cancer detection, risk stratification, and prognostic assessment.
Conducted a systematic search across PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies published between January 2006 and December 2025.
Identified 1,543 records, of which 16 studies met the inclusion criteria with dual-reviewer selection.
Assessed study quality and risk of bias using the QUADAS-2 tool and synthesized the diagnostic performance narratively.
Key serum biomarkers showed superior performance over standard PSA, including the Prostate Health Index for predicting significant disease, GDF15 propeptide for detecting bone metastases, the MiCheck panel (IL-7, VEGF, GPC-1) for aggressive disease, and PSP94/PSA ratio for distinguishing cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Urine-based markers such as ANXA3 improved diagnostic accuracy within the PSA gray zone (4–10 ng/mL), while uromodulin peptide panels offered high specificity against controls.
Multivariable models incorporating novel biomarkers substantially improved overall diagnostic accuracy, achieving area under the curve (AUC) values up to 0.979.

Cite This Study

Nnaemeka et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a7ec754b70b84ec8b9139e7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12301-026-00605-2

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Implication

Systematic review reveals novel serum and urine biomarkers enhance prostate cancer risk stratification, indicating potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies.

Emerging serum and urine biomarkers for non-invasive detection, risk stratification and prognostic assessment of prostate cancer: a systematic review

Discussion

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Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

Emerging serum and urine biomarkers for non-invasive detection, risk stratification and prognostic assessment of prostate cancer: a systematic review

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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