Dynamic spatial panel analysis reveals significant cross-country spillovers in women's political empowerment across 142 nations, indicating diffusion via geographic, cultural, and economic ties.
This paper investigates whether and how spillover effects shape the diffusion of women's political empowerment (WPE) across countries over time, using a dynamic spatial panel of 142 countries (1965–2023). Accounting for unobserved common factors avoids misattributing interdependence to global shocks or shared trends. A hybrid spatial weights matrix combines geographic proximity, cultural affinity, trade and migration. Spatial Bayesian model averaging selects the most suitable specification, and a heterogeneous dynamic spatial model assesses variation in spillovers. Results provide strong evidence of cross-country diffusion in WPE, with marked heterogeneity in spillovers and highlight the role of diverse proximity dimensions in shaping global transmission.
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Izaskun Barba (2026) studied this question.
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