The Use of Thermal and Mineral Waters for Balneological and Recreational Purposes in Poland

This article discusses the use of thermal and mineral waters in Poland in balneology, rehabilitation, and recreation. It highlights their importance for health, economy, and tourism, as well as the country’s significant hydrogeothermal potential, particularly in the Carpathians, the Sudetes, and the Polish Lowlands. The authors present a classification of waters, their chemical and thermal properties, and their main applications: therapeutic baths, drinking cures, inhalations, peloidotherapy, and hydrotherapy. A significant portion of the study reviews the latest global research confirming the effectiveness of balneotherapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal and skin disorders, indicating the need for further clinical research. The paper also discusses Polish spas and recreational centers using thermal waters, pointing to their growing role in health care and wellness tourism. Limitations to the development of balneotherapy, such as high drilling costs, geological risks, and the need to maintain therapeutic water parameters, are highlighted.