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Ion composition measurements within the past several years have shown O + , He + , and other ions of terrestrial origin to compose a substantial fraction of the magnetospheric ion population. In this review we examine (1) observations of topside ionospheric composition, (2) mechanisms for energization and injection of ionospheric ions into the magnetosphere, and (3) observations of ions of ionospheric origin in various regions of the magnetosphere, including the plasmasphere, ring current, magnetotail plasma sheet and lobes, and boundary layer and magnetosheath.
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J. L. Horwitz (1982) studied this question.
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