Racial and ethnic heterogeneity in diets of low-income adult females in the United States: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2011 to 2018

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. CONSORT diagram of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2018 participants included for the study analysis. A total of 2917 female adults living at or below 130% poverty income level were included after all exclusion/inclusion criteria were applied.

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  FIGURE 2. Consumption modal pattern for 3 robust profile clustering-derived global dietary profiles. The level of consumption with the highest probability is highlighted as follows: 1, dark blue (no consumption); 2, light blue (low-level consumption, first tertile: 0%-33%); 3, green (medium-level consumption, second tertile: 34%-66%); 4, yellow (high-level consumption, third tertile: 67%-100%). Food item “meat (ns)” refers to nonspecified meat (beef, veal, pork, lamb, and game).

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  FIGURE 3. Heatmap illustrating probability of a given food item assuming a pattern at the global level. Values provided are percentages. Foods likely to assume a global pattern will appear darker in blue hue and larger in probability (>70%). Foods likely to assume a localized pattern by the racial and ethnic subgroup will appear lighter in blue hue and smaller in probability (<30%). All foods in this analysis strongly favored a localized pattern. Food item “meat (ns)” refers to nonspecified meat (beef, veal, pork, lamb, and game).

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  FIGURE 4. Pattern distributions for robust profile clustering-derived local profiles for each racial and ethnic subgroup. Colored bars denote probability of consumption at that level for a given food: gray, no consumption; yellow, low-level consumption (first tertile); orange, medium-level consumption (second tertile); and red, high-level consumption (third tertile). Racial and ethnic subgroup notations are as follows: M = Mexican–American, H = other Hispanic, W = non-Hispanic-White, B = non-Hispanic-Black, and A = non-Hispanic-Asian American. Food item “meat (ns)” refers to nonspecified meat (beef, veal, pork, lamb, and game).

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  FIGURE 5. Radar chart of adherence to Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 scores by racial and ethnic subgroup. Shaded gray region illustrates overall mean adherence scores for each of the HEI components. Red boundary line denotes mean component score for each racial and ethnic subgroup. Plots closer to the outer dashed line border indicate greater adherence for that component. Plots shrunk closer to the center indicate lower adherence to that respective component.