Antioxidative System of Plants: Cellular Compartmentalization, Protective and Signaling Functions, Mechanisms of Regulation (Review)

The current data on the generation and neutralization of reactive oxygen species in various compartments of plant cells are summarized. The role of antioxidants (AOs) in the protection of macromolecules and cellular structures from oxidative damage is considered. Special attention is paid to the participation of AOs in redox signaling and the regulation of cellular functions. The cross-link between the functioning of the AO system (AOS) and the nonspecific plant resistance to stressors is analyzed. The regulation of AOS in plants under the action of exogenous AOs, signal mediators, phytohormones, and other physiologically active substances, as well as by transgenesis, is considered.