Anti-inflammatory and tissue-healing effects of semiconductor-embedded fabrics: current evidence and future perspectives

BACKGROUND: Wearable fabrics embedding crystalline semiconductor materials (e.g. germanium, silicon) are promising biomedical devices for their therapeutic potential in musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis, tendinopathies, and chronic pain, and for supporting tissue healing and regeneration. These fabrics exert their bioactive functions without applying mechanical pressure or drug delivery systems, offering a non-invasive and comfortable therapeutic alternative that operates through mild thermal stimuli at body temperature. SOURCES OF DATA: Recent peer-reviewed literature on semiconductor-based wearable textiles, far-infrared-emitting biomaterials, bioelectric signalling in tissue repair, and their clinical application in musculoskeletal disorders. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: At body temperature, semiconductor-containing fabrics consistently emit far-infrared radiation, experimentally associated with improved microcirculation and modulation of inflammation. Limited clinical studies report improvements in pain and functional outcomes in chronic musculoskeletal conditions, with good tolerability during prolonged wear. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: Proposed mechanisms include thermally induced electron release, ion generation, and piezoelectric or piezoresistive activity during movement, but direct biological evidence remains limited. The specific contribution of far-infrared emission is difficult to distinguish from thermal or placebo effects. GROWING POINTS: Advances in bioelectric signalling research and textile engineering provide a framework to investigate electroactive interactions between semiconductor fabrics and biological tissues. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Well-designed randomized trials, quantitative characterization of emitted physical stimuli, and mechanistic cellular studies are needed to establish clinical efficacy and inform regulatory classification.