Chemical Methods for the Direct Detection and Labeling of S-Nitrosothiols

SIGNIFICANCE: Posttranslational modification of proteins through phosphorylation, glycosylation, and oxidation adds complexity to the proteome by reversibly altering the structure and function of target proteins in a highly controlled fashion. RECENT ADVANCES: The study of reversible cysteine oxidation highlights a role for this oxidative modification in complex signal transduction pathways. Nitric oxide (NO), and its respective metabolites (including reactive nitrogen species), participates in a variety of these cellular redox processes, including the reversible oxidation of cysteine to S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs). RSNOs act as endogenous transporters of NO, but also possess beneficial effects independent of NO-related signaling, which suggests a complex and versatile biological role. In this review, we highlight the importance of RSNOs as a required posttranslational modification and summarize the current methods available for detecting S-nitrosation. CRITICAL ISSUES: Given the limitations of these indirect detection methods, the review covers recent developments toward the direct detection of RSNOs by phosphine-based chemical probes. The intrinsic properties that dictate this phosphine/RSNO reactivity are summarized. In general, RSNOs (both small molecule and protein) react with phosphines to yield reactive S-substituted aza-ylides that undergo further reactions leading to stable RSNO-based adducts. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: This newly explored chemical reactivity forms the basis of a number of exciting potential chemical methods for protein RSNO detection in biological systems.