Evaluation of the effects of fenestration in Fontan circulation using a lumped parameter model

Figures

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  Fig. 1. A schema of the Fontan operation with fenestration. SV single ventricle, SA single atrium, Ao aorta, PA pulmonary artery, SVC superior vena cava, IVC inferior vena cava

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  Fig. 2. An electrical analog of the Fontan circulation. SV single ventricle, SA single atrium, AVV atrioventricular valve, AV aortic valve, Ca and Cv lumped arterial and venous capacitances, Rc characteristic impedances, Ra lumped arterial resistance, Rv venous resistances, s systemic circulation, p pulmonary circulation

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  Fig. 3. Relationships between fenestration diameters and hemodynamic variables. A, B, C, D and E, the relationships between diameter and blood pressure (BP), cardiac index (CI), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and stressed blood volume (SBV), respectively

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  Fig. 4. Relationships between pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) and hemodynamic variables in the 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan models and the Fontan model without fenestration. A, B, C, D and E: the relationships between PVRI and blood pressure (BP), cardiac index (CI), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and stressed blood volume (SBV), respectively. Red circle, 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model; orange circle, 2.0 mm fenestrated Fontan model; blue diamond, Fontan model without fenestration

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  Fig. 5. Relationships between end-systolic elastance (Ees) and hemodynamic variables in the 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model and the Fontan model without fenestration. A, B, C, D and E: the relationships between Ees and blood pressure (BP), cardiac index (CI), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and stressed blood volume (SBV), respectively. Red circle, 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model; blue diamond, Fontan model without fenestration

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  Fig. 6. Relationships between ventricular stiffness constant (B) and hemodynamic variables in the 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model and the Fontan model without fenestration. A, B, C, D and E: the relationships between B and blood pressure (BP), cardiac index (CI), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and stressed blood volume (SBV), respectively. Red circle, 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model; blue diamond, Fontan model without fenestration

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  Fig. 7. Relationships between systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and hemodynamic variables in the 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model and the Fontan model without fenestration. A, B, C, D and E: the relationships between SVRI and blood pressure (BP), cardiac index (CI), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and stressed blood volume (SBV), respectively. Red circle, 2.5 mm fenestrated Fontan model; blue diamond, Fontan model without fenestration