A 99-year journey on the development of Canadian forages for livestock production

Perennial forage, both grasses and legumes, are a critical component for ruminant livestock in Canada, being produced for both grazing and conserved feed. Canadian grasslands are a rich resource for cattle producers, particularly in the prairie region where the beef industry is largely located. Over the last 99 years, perennial forage breeding programs across the country have sought to improve and develop introduced forages to adapt to the Canadian climate and with particular tolerance to drought, diseases and, critically, enhanced winter survival. These long-term efforts have resulted in the release of approximately 171 cultivars (of which 75 were legumes and 96 were grasses). Of these grasses approximately 30 were tame and native cool-season species. These have helped maximise the productivity of prairie grasslands and enhance the sustainability of the beef sector in Canada. Breeding efforts continue today to further improve forage production to meet livestock needs and generate important ecosystem goods and services in an ever-changing climate.