Experimental study demonstrates that blended sodium carbonate and hydroxide activators optimize slag paste backfill flow and setting, suggesting tunable control for underground mining.
This study examines early-age and fresh-state behaviour of slag-based cemented paste backfill activated by blended sodium carbonate (SC) and sodium hydroxide (SH). Rheology, hydration, and setting were analysed using yield stress, viscosity, XRD, zeta potential, electrical conductivity, and water content monitoring. Hydroxide-rich systems accelerate slag dissolution and structuration, promoting rapid early-age activation and microstructural development, while balanced SC/SH mixtures delay structuration and improve workability. An optimal 50/50 SC/SH ratio provides a balance between pumpability and controlled setting. The findings demonstrate that SC–SH co-activation enables tunable control of CPB performance for underground backfilling applications.
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Bathily et al. (2026) studied this question.
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