Literature review uncovers how cognitive biases, sleep paralysis, and cultural narratives shape ghost beliefs, suggesting a complex interplay between mind and culture.
This independent research paper examines the psychological and social factors that may contribute to beliefs in ghosts and spirits. Drawing on research from psychology and related fields, the paper explores how cognitive processes, thinking styles, personality characteristics, sleep-related experiences, and social and cultural influences may shape the interpretation and development of paranormal beliefs. Particular attention is given to pattern recognition, intuitive and analytical thinking, sleep paralysis, and the influence of social narratives and existing belief systems. The paper considers whether unusual experiences contribute to the development of paranormal beliefs, or whether pre existing beliefs influence how unusual experiences are interpreted. Overall, the research suggests that paranormal beliefs are complex and may emerge through the interaction of individual cognition, personal experiences, and wider social and cultural influences.
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Ayfer Ezel Sergici (2026) studied this question.