Associations of Restorative Sleep With Subjective Well-Being, Self-Rated Health, and Positive Lifestyle Factors in Adults and Older Adults: Proposals for Sleep-Promoting Behaviors

Purpose This study examined associations between restorative sleep and subjective well-being, self-rated health, and positive lifestyle factors among community-dwelling adults (20-64 years) and older adults (≥65 years) in Japan, and identified sleep-promoting behaviors related to restorative sleep. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Community-based survey in Japan. Sample Stratified random sample of 5000 residents aged ≥20 years in City B, Prefecture A; 2371 valid responses analyzed (47.4%). Intervention Not applicable. Measures Restorative sleep, subjective well-being, self-rated health, and positive lifestyle factors were assessed by self-administered questionnaires. Analysis Logistic regression was conducted separately for adults (20-64 years) and older adults (≥65 years), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and sleep medication; χ 2 tests examined sleep-promoting behaviors. Results In adults, restorative sleep was associated with subjective well-being (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.35-2.73), self-rated health (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.63-3.15), exercise habit (AOR = 1.85), diet balance (AOR = 1.40), and purpose in life (AOR = 1.40). In older adults, it was associated with self-rated health (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.19-3.77) and availability of a confidant (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.44-4.78). Getting up at a fixed time every morning and avoiding worries while in bed were related to restorative sleep in both groups. Conclusion Restorative sleep was associated with health, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors with age-specific patterns. Limitations include cross-sectional, self-reported data, so causality cannot be inferred.