We report on sequential three-step three-photon near-infrared (NIR) quantum splitting in Tm3+-doped β-NaYF4, where an incident blue photon around 470 nm is split into three NIR photons (1165, 1466, and 1800 nm). The underlying mechanism is analyzed by means of static and dynamic photoemission spectroscopy. Here, an experimental total quantum yield of ∼32% is obtained. When quenching due to residual hydroxyl groups and other defect species can be overcome, numerical analyses indicate a theoretical maximum quantum yield of 158%, suggesting application in efficient spectral converters.
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Yu et al. (2012) studied this question.
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