Socio-economic and production efficiency analysis of small holders of Jammu for sustainable livelihood

Introduction Livelihood diversification through appropriate cropping and farming systems plays a crucial role in enhancing income security among rural households in the Jammu region. This study aims to assess the contribution of different cropping and farming systems to livelihood diversification of rural farmers. Methods A multistage sampling technique was employed to select the sample, and a total of 480 households were randomly chosen for the study. A quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire was adopted for data collection. Analytical tools such as the Cobb–Douglas production function and tabular analysis were used to evaluate efficiency parameters and system performance. Results The study identified 11 predominant farming systems in Jammu, mainly dominated by cereal-based and livestock-based activities. Results from the production function indicated that area under cereals and livestock enterprises had a significant positive influence on farm output. Among the systems analyzed, the Fruits + Livestock + Maize + Vegetables system was found to be the most remunerative in terms of total farm income. Discussion The findings highlight that limited access to productive assets compels farmers to rely heavily on non-farm activities for income. Enhancing awareness of improved technologies and improving farmers’ access to credit can significantly boost farm productivity and income stability. Strengthening diversified farming systems is essential for sustainable livelihood improvement in the region.