Experimental study reveals enhanced luminescence in europium-encapsulating branched macrocyclic complexes, indicating high suitability for aqueous biological imaging.
Luminescence markers for biological application must have long luminescence lifetimes and high quantum yields in aqueous systems. Ligand 1 forms complexes with Eu3⊕, which fulfill these criteria. The lanthanide ion is encapsulated by the macrocycle and the two additional mobile arms. The efficiency of the energy transfer from ligand to metal ion is thereby optimized, and water molecules cannot deactivate the excited state of the metal ion.
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Balzani et al. (1991) studied this question.
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