A ketogenic‐promoting beverage acutely elevates cardiac function and myocardial blood flow compared to placebo in adults: A cardiac MRI investigation

FIGURE 1. Study timeline. Subjects arrived at the imaging facility following an overnight fast and underwent baseline imaging. Following baseline, subjects consumed the active or placebo beverage, and underwent repeated cardiac imaging and venous blood draws every 15–30 min.

FIGURE 2. Venous blood R‐BHB responses to consumption of a ketogenic promoting beverage or a fat based, energy and volume matched, placebo. All values reported as mean ± SD. Between group p values are listed within timepoints with significant post‐hoc comparisons. BH‐BD, bis‐hexanoyl R‐1‐3‐butanediol; PL, placebo.

FIGURE 3. Individual venous blood R‐BHB response following BH‐BD consumption.

FIGURE 4. Left ventricle ejection fraction response following beverage consumption. All values reported as mean ± SD within group at each timepoint. Between group p values are listed within timepoints with significant post hoc comparisons. BH‐BD, bis‐hexanoyl R‐1‐3‐butanediol; EF, ejection fraction; PL, placebo; LV, left ventricle.

FIGURE 5. Left ventricular cardiac function measures at baseline and following beverage consumption. (a) LV cardiac output response as a percent change from baseline following BH‐BD and Placebo ingestion (b). LV peak cardiac output as a percent change from baseline represented individually within each group (c). Heart rate response as a percent change from baseline following beverage ingestion (d). LV stroke volume response as a percent change from baseline following beverage ingestion. All values reported as mean ± SD of the percent change from baseline within group at each timepoint. Between group p values are listed within timepoints with significant post hoc comparisons. BH‐BD, bis‐hexanoyl R‐1‐3‐butanediol; CO, cardiac output; PL, placebo; SV, stroke volume; LV, left ventricle.

FIGURE 6. Right ventricular cardiac function measures at baseline and following beverage consumption. (a) RV ejection fraction (EF) response following supplement ingestion. (b) RV stroke volume response as a percent change from baseline following supplement ingestion. All EF values reported as mean ± SD within group at each timepoint. All SV values reported as mean ± SD of the percent change from baseline within group at each timepoint. Between group p values are listed within timepoints with significant post‐hoc comparisons. BH‐BD, bis‐hexanoyl R‐1‐3‐butanediol; EF, ejection fraction; PL, placebo; RV, right ventricle; SV, stroke volume.

FIGURE 7. Myocardial perfusion ratio (baseline myocardial blood flow/post‐myocardial blood flow) following supplement consumption. BH‐BD consumption was associated with an elevation of myocardial blood flow compared to PL (p ≤ 0.001). Boxes represent the interquartile ranges. The middle line represents group median. Dots represent individual subject values.