Universal scaling law for drag-to-thrust wake transition in flapping foils

Reversed von Kármán streets are responsible for a velocity surplus in the wake of flapping foils, indicating the onset of thrust generation. However, the wake pattern cannot be predicted based solely on the flapping peak-to-peak amplitude A and frequency f because the transition also depends sensitively on other details of the kinematics. In this work we replace A with the cycle-averaged swept trajectory T of the foil chordline. Two-dimensional simulations are performed for pure heave, pure pitch and a variety of heave-to-pitch coupling. In a phase space of dimensionless T-f we show that the drag-to-thrust wake transition of all tested modes occurs for a modified Strouhal St_T→ 1 . Physically, the product Tf expresses the induced velocity of the foil and indicates that propulsive jets occur when this velocity exceeds U∞ . The new metric offers a unique insight into the thrust-producing strategies of biological swimmers and flyers alike, as it directly connects the wake development to the chosen kinematics, enabling a self-similar characterisation of flapping foil propulsion.