The Viral Macrodomain Counters Host Antiviral ADP-Ribosylation

Figures

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  Figure 1. A schematic representation of the ADP-ribosylation and de-ADP-ribosylation by the viral macrodomains: The crystal structures of the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)-12 protein [10] were downloaded from the protein data bank (PDB) (doi:10.2210/pdb2PQF/pdb), and the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) macrodomain structure [11] was downloaded from the PDB (doi:10.2210/pdb5mqx/pdb).

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  Figure 2. Sequence alignment of the amino acid sequences of various viral macrodomains from coronaviruses, alphaviruses, rubellavirus, and hepatitis E virus: The human macroD2 protein sequence was included for comparison. Sequences of viral and human macrodomains were alignment using CLC Genomics Workbench software. Arrows indicate residues that are discussed in the text.

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  Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of the viral macrodomains proteins sequences constructed with the neighbor joining method using Geneious Bioinformatics software.

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  Figure 4. The crystal structure of the VEEV macrodomain protein [11] was downloaded from the PDB (doi:10.2210/pdb5mqx/pdb): Highlighted residues are D21 (blue, D20 in chikungunya virus (CHIKV)); N35 (black, N34 in CHIKV); G33 (red, G32 in CHIKV); T112 (yellow, T111 in CHIKV); and F115 (purple, Y114 in CHIKV). ADP-ribose (ADPR) is also shown.