Impact of perinatal hypertonic NaCl access on adult offspring’s sodium intake and angiotensin and vasopressin systems under hypertension model

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Effects of sodium programming on body size induced by DOCA-salt treatment (25 mg/kg). Average weekly body weight in male PM-Ctrol and PM-NaCl rats (a). Average weekly body weight independent of programming factor (b). Data express mean ± SE. The numbers in brackets represent the number of animals (n = 6 /group). +p < 0.05 compared to weeks Adap, 2, 3 and 4. &p < 0.05 compared to weeks Adap, 1, 3 and 4. α p < 0.05 compared to weeks Adap,1, 2 and 4. #p < 0.05 compared to weeks Adap, 1, 2 and 3.

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  Fig. 2. Effects of sodium programming on the onset of hypertension induced by DOCA-salt. (a) Average weekly systolic blood pressure (SBP) during DOCA-salt protocol in male PM-Ctrol and PM-NaCl rats. (b) Average weekly SBP independent of programming factor. Data express mean ± SE. The numbers in brackets represent the number of animals (n = 6/group). ** p < 0.05 compared to weeks Adap, 1, 2, and 4. ***p < 0.05 compared to weeks Adap, 1, 2 and 3.

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  Fig. 3. Effects of sodium programming on sodium intake induced by DOCA-salt. Average weekly sodium intake during DOCA-salt protocol in PM-Ctrol and PM-NaCl groups (a). Cumulative sodium intake independent of treatment weeks (b). Data express mean ± SE. The numbers in brackets represent the number of animals (n = 6/group). *p < 0.05 week 1 compared to weeks 2, 3 and 4. +p < 0.05 PM-Ctrol compared to PM-NaCl groups.

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  Fig. 4. Effects of sodium programming on brain mRNA expression of receptor potential angiotensin receptor (Agtr1a) and serotonin 2c receptor (Htr2c) in response to DOCA-salt. Relative mRNA levels of Agtr1a (a- b) and Htr2c (c- d) in SFO (a, c) and PVN (b, d) of male PM-Ctrol and PM-NaCl animals under DOCA-salt conditions. Data express mean ± SE. The numbers in brackets represent the number of animals (n = 3–6 /group). The dotted line indicates the mean of basal groups run simultaneously with the respective experimental groups. *p < 0.05 compared to basal group. +p < 0.05 PM-NaCl compared to PM-Ctrol groups.

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  Fig. 5. Effects of sodium programming on renal mRNA expression of angiotensin receptor type 1a (Agtr1a), angiotensin receptor type 2 (Agtr2), vasopressin receptor type 2 (Avpr2), in response to DOCA-salt. Relative mRNA levels of Agtr1a (a, d), Agtr2(b, e) and Avpr2 (c, f) in renal medulla (a-c) and cortex (d-f) of male PM-Ctrol and PM-NaCl animals under DOCA-salt conditions. Data express mean ± SE. The numbers in brackets represent the number of animals (n = 4–6/group). The dotted line indicates the mean of basal groups run simultaneously with the respective experimental groups. +p < 0.05 PM-NaCl compared to PM-Ctrol. * p < 0.05 compared to basal group.

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  Fig. 6. Effects of sodium programming on renal mRNA expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (Trpv1) channel and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in response to DOCA-salt. Relative mRNA levels of Trpv1(a, c) and ENaC (b, d) in renal medulla (a-b) and cortex (c-d) of male PM-Ctrol and PM-NaCl animals under DOCA-salt conditions. Data express mean ± SE. The numbers in brackets represent the number of animals (n = 4–6/group). The dotted line indicates the mean of basal groups run simultaneously with the respective experimental groups. +p < 0.05 PM-NaCl compared to PM-Ctrol. * p < 0.05 compared to basal group.

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  Fig. 7. Schematic diagram showing the conditions of the dams and their offspring from adaptation week until the beginning of the studies. From postnatal day (PD) 28 until PD50, male offspring of PM-NaCl and PM-Ctrol groups were kept in standard conditions. On PD50 and after 5 days adaptation, DOCA-salt hypertension was induced by two subcutaneous weekly injections of 25 mg/kg of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and 1% NaCl to drink instead of tap water for four weeks. Experiment 1, we analyzed the effects of sodium programming on body, brain, heart, and kidney size (g) induced by DOCA-salt treatment. Experiment 2, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was recorded twice every week during DOCA-salt treatment in conscious rats using the non-invasive tail-cuff method. Experiment 3, we analyzed the effects of sodium programming on sodium intake induced by DOCA-salt treatment. Experiments 4 and 5, the brains (experiment 4) and kidneys (experiment 5) were collected for determination of gene expression induced by DOCA-salt.