Overlap of frailty and malnutrition as prognosticators in older patients with heart failure

Physical frailty and malnutrition coexist in older patients with heart failure (HF) and form a vicious cycle exacerbating each other and can cause poor clinical outcomes. We aimed to clarify the association of prevalence of physical frailty and malnutrition and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with HF. A total of 862 hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years with HF decompensation were included in this FRAGILE-HF post-hoc sub-analysis. Patients were categorized into Neither, Either, or Both groups based on the prevalence of physical frailty and malnutrition. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 1 year after discharge. Prognoses among the groups were compared in the entire cohort and in subgroups with preserved ejection fraction (pEF) and reduced/mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fractions (rEF/mrEF). The Neither, Either, and Both groups comprised 32 %, 40 %, and 28 % respectively. During a 1-year follow-up period, 101 (12 %) patients died. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed significant differences in the primary outcomes among the groups ( P < 0.001). The Both group had a higher risk of mortality (HR: 2.47, 95 % CI: 1.38–4.42) than the Neither group, while the Either group showed insignificant risk increase (HR: 1.58, 95 % CI: 0.86–2.90). Similar trends were observed in the pEF and rEF/mrEF subgroups ( P = 0.60). Physical frailty and malnutrition coexist in approximately one-quarter of hospitalized older patients with HF and are associated with an increased risk of mortality. Assessing both conditions is crucial for risk stratification and interventions to mitigate their interplay.