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Addiction refers to “loss of control” and “despite adverse consequences”. Substance-free addiction (or behavioral addiction) covers pathological gambling, food addiction, internet addiction, and mobile phone addiction. Nowadays, much has been said about new Medias and technologies addiction that connect us and make us lonely at the same time, consequently, leads to adverse mental health disadvantageous. Smartphones are increased rapidly as an indispensable member of our everyday life for most people, especially students all over the world.
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Mehrnaz et al. (2018) studied this question.
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