Loaded horizontal antenna over an imperfect ground

The Fresnel reflection coefficient technique is employed to establish anE-field integral equation for the antenna current. A resistive loading of the formΛ(x) = Λ₀/(1 - |x|/L)is used to load the antenna. An optimization technique is discussed for determining the value of critical loadingΛ₀ᶜ, which enforces a traveling wave current on the antenna. Results are given for the critical loading parameters, antenna currents, input impedances and radiation patterns versus different antenna dimensions and ground permittivities and conductivities. Some representative time-domain results for such loaded antennas are also included.