Comparative experimental study demonstrates enhanced vitamin and antioxidant profiles in kale, indicating cultivar- and chemical form-dependent biofortification outcomes.
'. Iodine biofortification increased vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6, l-ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity. Preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity screening demonstrated dose-dependent cellular responses. Overall, iodine biofortification modified kale composition in an iodine form- and cultivar-dependent manner.
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Krawczyk et al. (2026) studied this question.
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