Hidden dimensions of gender inequality in access to public rest spaces: an analysis of gender-sensitive urban planning in Ranya Public Garden, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Gender-based disparities significantly impact women’s access to urban public spaces. In this research, gender inequalities in public space usage have been investigated by questionnaire data collected in Ranya Public Garden in Iraqi Kurdistan. Exploratory factor analysis identified six core dimensions accounting for approximately 80% of the variance in women’s access and usage. These findings highlight the multidimensional nature of spatial gender inequality, and that the solution lies in gender-sensitive urban planning, enhanced safety, and inclusive governance. And hence, urban planners, designers, and policymakers should take gender-inclusive design methods in Iraqi Kurdistan and other similar areas of society.