Integration of deep eutectic solvents into green bioprocesses for bioactive extraction

Increasing interest in developing environmentally friendly alternatives based on the principles of green chemistry instead of traditional organic solvents has been observed in recent years. The tunable physical and chemical properties and frequently less toxic than several conventional solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DES) and their natural counterparts (NADES) have emerged as promising options. Although it is easy to prepare DES and NADES and they require inexpensive materials, their toxicity and biodegradability are formulation dependent. Their design also relies on the interactions between hydrogen donors (HBD) and acceptors (HBA), which lower the melting point and enhance the solubility of bioactive compounds. This study was centered on the developments of DES and NADES between 2022 and 2025. Earlier foundational studies on the utilization of DES/NADES to extract phenolic compounds, flavonoids, essential oils, and pharmaceutical compounds from plant and marine sources were also assessed. Furthermore, foundational reports that established the theoretical and methodological framework for the green extraction technologies were reviewed. Integrated with intensive extraction techniques, such as ultrasonication and microwaves, was also discussed. The environmental and economic aspects and challenges associated with industrial applications of DES and NADES were presented in this study, affirming that the innovations offer promising and customizable technological platforms for diverse industrial applications. Nonetheless, standardized protocols and reduced energy consumption are necessary.