Theoretical analysis demonstrates exact equivalence between Madelung hydrodynamics and scalar quantum mechanics via a circle-valued phase postulate, resolving the Wallstrom circulation objection.
Madelung showed that the Schrodinger equation can be rewritten, away from the zeros of the wave function, as hydrodynamic equations for a density and a velocity potential. Wallstrom [Phys. Rev. A 49, 1613 (1994)] showed that the rewriting is not an equivalence: the hydrodynamic system admits solutions whose circulation around nodes is an arbitrary real multiple of h/m, and equivalence requires imposing circulation quantization loop by loop, by hand. We examine a single kinematic postulate, the compact-phase postulate: the phase is fundamentally circle-valued, and the circle has action-circumference h. We prove three statements. First, a continuous circle-valued phase field winds an integer number of times around every loop in the node complement, so the fractional-circulation solutions are excluded kinematically. Second, compactness alone quantizes circulation in an arbitrary unit; the postulated circumference fixes the unit to h/m, and the circumference h is displayed independently by measured ladders in superconducting rings (h/2e) and in superfluid helium (h/m), and by the Aharonov-Bohm period (h/e), all in coherent-condensate systems. Third, under an integer-free regularity condition at the nodes, the postulate together with the Madelung equations is equivalent to exact scalar quantum mechanics at strong-solution (H1_loc) grade. We state the caveat explicitly: over the node complement, given continuity, the circle-valued phase is logically equivalent to the quantization condition it subsumes. The gain is at the level of axioms: one universal kinematic postulate with a calibrated, independently measured unit in place of a per-solution family of integral constraints.
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Vaibhav Pandey (2026) studied this question.
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