Sequencing crime reduction policies in countries with limited state capacity through a Becker and Marshall framework

Crime and violence can suppress economic growth for years. In response, this study presents a systematic review of short-, medium-, and long-term measures aimed at reducing criminal behavior. Using a systematic search strategy and PRISMA-informed screening and selection procedures, this study presents a structured narrative review of crime-reduction measures drawn from peer-reviewed journals indexed in major international databases. Findings indicate no significant difference between qualitative and quantitative approaches used in the literature. Most measures fall within the medium term, a crucial transitional phase supporting long-term compliance strategies. Short-term (operational) measures focus on police intervention in community life, medium-term (tactical) measures on prison life, and long-term (institutional) measures on structural reforms. These measures are complementary and integrable across operational, tactical, and strategic levels to ensure sustainability. This study also highlights limitations, particularly the urgency of crime control in democratic contexts, and underscores the need for cost–benefit analyses and interdisciplinary approaches to enhance crime deterrence effectiveness.