The Spatial Layout and Optimization Path of China’s Cross-Border Agricultural Investment under the the Belt and Road Initiative

In the context of high-quality Belt and Road development and global food-security restructuring, cross-border agricultural investment has become an important means for China to secure agricultural supply and improve agricultural openness. This study analyzes the development trend, spatial distribution, driving mechanisms, and constraints of China’s agricultural investment in Belt and Road countries. It identifies problems such as high regional concentration, unbalanced industrial-chain allocation, insufficient risk control, and weak localization integration. On this basis, a three-layer spatial optimization architecture consisting of core areas, key areas, and expansion areas is constructed. Optimization paths are proposed in terms of regional precision, industrial-chain collaboration, risk management, localized operation, facility connectivity, and policy support. The study provides decision-making references for improving the efficiency of global agricultural resource allocation and enhancing supply-chain resilience. From an engineering-planning perspective, the results highlight the role of logistics corridors, digital platforms, and communication infrastructure in supporting spatially distributed agricultural investment networks.