Optimization of the Mechanism for Determining Liability for Torts Involving Virtual Property on the Internet under the Civil Code and Data Analysis of Judicial Practice

Although the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China establishes a basic framework for civil rights protection, provisions concerning online virtual property remain principle-oriented and lack specific operational rules for determining tort liability. Based on the basic spirit and principles of the Civil Code, this paper aims to construct a systematic and refined mechanism for determining tort liability involving online virtual property. The study first clarifies theoretical controversies and practical difficulties in liability determination through literature review. It then uses big data analysis to extract, clean, and quantitatively analyze relevant judicial cases published on China Judgments Online from recent years. From the dimensions of case trends, infringing parties, behavior patterns, liability basis, and compensation determination, the paper analyzes the current state of judicial practice, identifying both disagreements and emerging consensus. Based on these findings, it proposes optimization paths for determining responsible parties, clarifying fault elements, proving causation, valuing virtual property, identifying electronic evidence, and defining platform liability.