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A glance back through history shows the leading role played by the State in working time developments in France. The flip side, namely the weakness of the two sides of industry, turned out in the 1980s and 1990s to be the obstacle to further working time reductions based on "reduction in return for flexibility" trade-offs. This accounts for the virtual standstill in working time developments since the beginning of the eighties. Accordingly, when it comes to the practical effects of the statutory introduction of the 35-hour week, the policies of both the employers and the trade unions will be of vital significance.
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Jacques Freyssinet (1998) studied this question.
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