Social determinants of self-perceived mental health among immigrants in Canada: evidence from Canadian community health survey (CCHS, 2011–2020)

Canada ranks among the world’s most prominent immigrant-receiving countries, and immigration has become an integral part of its demographic, economic, and cultural landscape. This study investigates the factors associated with self-perceived mental health among immigrants in Canada using pooled data from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2011–2020. A secondary analysis was performed considering a subsample of immigrants ( n ≈ 101,168), employing descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariable ordinal logistic regression models in R version 4.3.3. The analysis explored a comprehensive set of demographics, socioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of self-perceived mental health. Results indicate that 67.2% of immigrants rated their self-perceived mental health as very good or excellent. Self-perceived mental health was positively associated with higher educational attainment, being married or in a common-law partnership, a very strong sense of community belonging, high life satisfaction, food security, very good or excellent perceived physical health, active employment, and higher household income. In contrast, being a visible minority immigrant, experiencing extreme life stress, having unmet healthcare needs, and a history of mood disorders (such as depression or anxiety) were associated with lower odds of very good or excellent self-perceived mental health. This study highlights the complex interplay between social determinants, personal circumstances, and immigrant mental health. It underscores the need for targeted policy interventions and culturally appropriate mental health services and community-based initiatives to address barriers and promote inclusion. The study adds to the growing body of literature on immigration and mental health, whilst stressing the significance of employing a multifaceted, data-based methodology in understanding and supporting the well-being of immigrants in Canada.