Gradient energy valley optimization enabled segmentation and Spinal VGG-16 Net for brain tumour detection

The anomalous enlargement of brain cells is known as Brain Tumour (BT), which can cause serious damage to different blood vessel and nerve in human body. A precise and early detection of BT is foremost important to eliminate severe illness. Thus, a SpinalNet Visual Geometry Group-16 (Spinal VGG-16-Net) is introduced for early BT detection. At first, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of image obtained from data sample is subjected to image denoising by bilateral filter. Then, BT area is segmented from the image using entropy-based Kapur thresholding technique, where threshold values are ideally selected by Gradient Energy Valley Optimization (GEVO), which is designed by incorporating Energy Valley Optimization (EVO) with Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithm. Then, process of image augmentation is worked and later, feature extraction is performed to mine the most significant features. Finally, BT is detected using proposed Spinal VGG-16Net, which is devised by combining both SpinalNet and VGG-16 Net. The Spinal VGG-16-Net is compared with some of the existing schemes, and it attained maximum accuracy of 92.14%, True Positive Rate (TPR) of 93.16%, True Negative Rate (TNR) of 91.35%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 89.73%, and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) o of 92.13%.