Raspberry Polyphenolic Extract Regulates Obesogenic Signals in Hepatocytes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Plasma lipid profile from Wistar rats fed with a standard diet and high-fat diet. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 8). The mean values within a symbol (*) were significantly different according to a Student’s t test (p ≤ 0.05).

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  Figure 2. Neutral red uptake in cell cultures of hepatoblastoma (HB-8065®) cells exposed to plasma collected from Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (HF), raspberry extract (PP), HF combined with raspberry extract (HF + PP), and serine-type protease inhibitors obtained from Triticum durum (TD) and TD combined with raspberry extract (TD + PP). Values are the mean ± SD (n = 4). The mean values within a superscript letter (a or b) were significantly different by Duncan’s post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05).

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  Figure 3. mRNA expression of selected biomarkers in hepatocytes (HB-8965®) after exposure (3 h) to plasma collected from Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet. TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor; ANGPTL4, angiopoietin-like 4; NOD2 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; CD44, cluster of differentiation 44. Samples from Wistar rats were mixed with: (1) the raspberry extract (HF + PP); (2) serine-type protease inhibitors obtained from Triticum durum (TD); and (3) joint addition of combination of the HF, TD, and PP (HF + TD + PP). Values are the mean ± SD (n = 3). Values with a different superscript letter (a, b, c, d) were significantly different by Duncan’s post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05).

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  Figure 4. Expression of mRNA (A) and ligand protein (B) of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in cell cultures of hepatoblastoma (HB-8065®) exposed for 3 h to plasma collected from Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (HF), raspberry extract (PP), HF combined with raspberry extract (HF + PP), and serine-type protease inhibitors obtained from Triticum durum (TD) and TD combined with raspberry extract (TD + PP). Values are the mean ± SD (n = 3). The mean values with a different superscript letter (a, b, c) were significantly different by Duncan’s post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05).

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  Figure 5. Kinetic analysis of aryl hydrocarbon ligand (AhR) protein and mRNA expression in cell cultures of hepatoblastoma (HB-8065®) cells exposed to plasma collected from Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (HF) and raspberry extract (PP). Values are the mean ± SD (n = 3).