Efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using ultrathin MoO3/C60 bilayer structure to enhance hole injection

Efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with aluminum (Al) as both the cathode and semitransparent anode are investigated. It is found that introduction of the ultrathin molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)/fullerene (C60) bilayer structure between the low work function Al top anode and the hole-transporting layer dramatically enhances the device performance as compared to the devices with sole MoO3 or C60 buffer layer. The ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that the hole injection barrier between Al anode and hole-transporting layer is effectively reduced via strong dipole effect at Al/MoO3/C60 interfaces with its direction pointing from Al to C60.