Mechanisms, optimization strategies, and applications of highly sensitive piezoelectric nanomaterials in tumor therapy

Piezocatalytic therapy based on ultrasound stimulation is an emerging tumor treatment technology. The ultrasound-activated piezoelectric effect can induce reactions of molecules in the surrounding environment, generating reactive oxygen species with strong oxidizing properties, which trigger cell apoptosis or activate the immune system to enhance the body's anti-tumor immune response. However, existing conventional piezocatalytic materials suffer from limitations such as functional restrictions and poor catalytic efficiency, failing to achieve efficient piezocatalytic therapy. Therefore, the development of piezocatalytic nanomaterials with high sensitivity and synergistic multiple therapeutic mechanisms is urgently needed. Against this backdrop, this paper provides a detailed introduction to the catalytic mechanisms of piezocatalytic materials, material modification strategies for enhancing piezocatalytic sensitivity and efficiency, as well as their application effects in clinical fields including tumor treatment and wound healing. Finally, this paper also discusses the current challenges and future directions for the further development of piezocatalytic materials and their applications.