Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis – a review of current knowledge and recent research

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disease of the central nervous system that is characterised by inflammatory damage to the myelin sheath. Though often neglected, cognitive impairment is a common feature of MS that affects 43-70% of patients. It has a sophisticated neuroanatomic and pathophysiologic background and disturbs such vital cognitive domains as speed of information processing, memory, attention, executive functions and visual perceptual functions. In recent years there has been growing interest in neuroimaging findings with regard to cognitive impairment in MS. The possible options of managing cognitive dysfunction in MS are pharmacologic interventions, cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training; however, not enough evidence has been presented in this field. The aim of our article is to provide current knowledge on cognitive impairment in MS based on the most recent scientific results and conclusions with regard to affected cognitive domains, neuropsychological assessment, underlying mechanisms of this disturbance, neuroimaging findings and therapeutic options.