Startle and Surprise in Aviation

Startle and surprise, often resulting from sudden and unexpected events, have been implicated in numerous aviation accidents. To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated potential markers characterizing the reaction and individual differences in susceptibility. In total, 17 airline pilots took part in a flight simulator experiment, during which startling stimuli were administered (a loud thunder noise with a lightning flash) while behavioral reactions, flight performance, and physiological activity were recorded. Results showed that 92.3% of pilots exhibited an observable startle and surprise response, with flight performance degradation varying according to response intensity. The startling stimuli induced a significant increase in pupil diameter, and the subsequent flight performance was modulated by individual levels of neuroticism, highlighting the importance of personality factors in responses to unexpected events.