Climate Change Effect on Coffee Yield and Quality: A Review

Coffee is one of the most widely drunk beverages in the world, and is a very important source of foreign exchange income for many countries. More than 125 million people in the coffee growing areas worldwide derive their income directly or indirectly from its products It ranks second after oil in international trade and has created several million jobs in the producer and consumer countries where more than nine million tons of green beans are produced annually (ICO, 2016). In the world, Brazil is the leading coffee producer and exporter country followed by Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia (ICO, 2016). The genus Coffea comprises nearly 124 well identified species; however, Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora P. are the two commercially important species Predominately, Arabica coffee represents 70% of global coffee production and Caniphora (Robusta) represents about 30% The production and productive of both species are largely dependent on the climate for attain high yields and quality The effect of climate variation on natural systems has begun as one of the most critical issues of humankind Many finding proof that weather alteration is hastening at ample quicker stride than earlier that leading to irreversible changes in major earth systems and ecosystems (ITC, 2010). Important factors that play a role for climate change are, rising fossil fuel burning and land use changes are continuing to emit, and increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere. The rising greenhouse gases [carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O)] in the atmosphere can increase the amount of heat from the sun withheld in the Earth's atmosphere, that would normally be radiated back into space (Vergara, 2014). Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the most greenhouse gases that influence global climate through emissions Climate change is transforming ecosystems on an extraordinary scale, at an extraordinary pace. The main characteristics of climate change are increases in average global temperature (global warming); changes in cloud cover and precipitation particularly over land; melting of ice caps and glaciers and reduced snow cover; and raise in ocean temperatures and ocean acidity due to seawater absorbing heat and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (IEH, 2012).