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Intradialect variation in the song of 138 male Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) was examined using multivariate cluster analyses on both quantitative (frequency and temporal) and qualitative (structural) variables. Mapping of song groups revealed local song clusters with a high degree of spatial overlap and the occurrence of "satellite" males located well outside the spatial cluster of their song type. This pattern is suggestive of predispersal song learning and is thus more consistent with the genetic adaptation hypothesis than with one version of the deceptive mimicry hypothesis.
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Cunningham et al. (1987) studied this question.
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