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Energetic ions of energy up to 7kTₑ are detected when an inhomogeneous plasma (TₑTᵢ10) is irradiated by microwave pulses (E₀²4πnkTₑ≈10^-2) of short durations (τ approximately twice the ion-plasma period). Time- and space-resolved analyses trace their origin to the generation of density cavitons by ponderomotive forces. The axially directed energetic-ion flux carries a significant fraction of incident electromagnetic energy.
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Wong et al. (1975) studied this question.
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