Metal diffusion from electrodes in organic light-emitting diodes

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Metal diffusion from magnesium–silver cathodes and indium–tin–oxide anodes in organic light-emitting diodes has been investigated. Magnesium showed no substantial diffusion under device operation and had no significant effects on luminance decay with operation time. Indium was immobile in storage at room temperature, while indium penetration into organic layers was observed after device operation. The presence of indium in organic films showed a correlation with performance degradation.