Highly efficient large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) with power conversion efficiency up to 7.09%, and device area of 4 cm(2) are demonstrated on flexible substrates. A conductance- or thickness-gradient ultra-thin Ag-based transparent electrode is developed to better balance the light trapping and energy loss, owing to the inhomogeneous energy-loss density on the large OSC sheet.
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Zuo et al. (2015) studied this question.
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